LAKE CHELAN, WASHINGTON STATE, US 

Holden is a former underground copper mine that operated from 1938 to 1957. It’s located in a remote part of the Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest in Washington State, in the US. 

We didn’t operate the mine, but inherited responsibility to remediate it when we acquired Alcan in 2007.   

We completed phase 1 of the remediation work in 2018, which included reclaiming 8.5 million tonnes of tailings and waste rock, constructing a water treatment plant to treat mine drainage, and restoring habitat around Lake Chelan. We currently maintain a full-time team at the site to manage and monitor ongoing water treatment.

We’re working with the US Forest Service, US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and Washington State Department of Ecology (the agencies) to finalise and implement phase 2 of the remediation project.

The Holden Mine Cleanup Project, a federally mandated mine cleanup and remediation effort in Washington’s Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest.

$

500

million invested

2

million worker-hours committed

90

acres of tailings and waste rock piles reclaimed

2,100

acres of additional land donated for long term wetland and ecological conservation

2

billion gallons of water treated and returned to Railroad Creek over the first 9 years of treatment

  • Aerial view of the Holden site in 2010 before Closure works started.

    Aerial view of the Holden site in 2010 before Closure works started.

  • Aerial view of the Holden site in 2020, during the construction phase of the remediation works.

    Aerial view of the Holden site in 2020, during the construction phase of the remediation works.

  • Aerial view of the Holden site in 2022, after the construction phase of the remediation works.

    Aerial view of the Holden site in 2022, after the construction phase of the remediation works.

  • Railroad Creek at the Holden site in 2010, prior to remediation.

    Railroad Creek at the Holden site in 2010, prior to remediation.

  • Railroad Creek at the Holden site in 2014, after remediation.

    Railroad Creek at the Holden site in 2014, after remediation.

  • Lucerne landing boat launch dock on Lake Chelan in Washington State, the access point for Holden Village, a Lutheran retreat center that neighbours the former Holden mine site.

    Lucerne landing boat launch dock on Lake Chelan in Washington State, the access point for Holden Village, a Lutheran retreat center that neighbours the former Holden mine site.

Our aim for this project is to bring long-lasting benefits to the region, not only by cleaning up the area and minimising further contamination, but also by supporting the local economy and giving back to the community. 

Historic mining operations (which pre-dated our involvement at the site) left behind environmental and safety problems, including: 

  • millions of tons of exposed tailings leaching metals into soil and groundwater
  • drainage of impacted water from underground and open mine workings.

As part of the cleanup, we closed open mine workings (eg shafts and portals, physical mine entrances), controlled and managed mine-impacted groundwater and improved creek conditions. 

A major challenge is the site’s remote location in the Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest. Accessible only by water, the site’s rough terrain, high stream flows and heavy snow falls over winter present logistical challenges for the cleanup. 

 

Remediation progress

In 2014, we began a remediation project to address environmental and structural issues, including decaying infrastructure and mine waste seeping into groundwater, impacting the adjacent creek and surrounding environment. 

We divided the cleanup project into 2 phases to minimise construction impacts to the adjacent Holden Village community. We completed phase 1, the largest part of the remediation work, in 2018, with the agencies confirming compliance with the approved design. 

Holden phase 1

Our remediation work included:

  • Consolidating and stabilising approximately 8.5 million tons of tailings and 250,000 tons of waste rock piles to provide control erosion and minimise contact with the environment.
  • Adding clean soil cover and planting native trees and shrubs to construction areas across the site.
  • Building a 4,756-foot-long groundwater containment barrier wall and water collection system to capture contaminated water coming out of the old mine workings and off the tailings piles. Collected water was then transported to a water treatment plant for processing before being discharged into Railroad Creek. 
  • Redirecting and reconstructing 2,000 linear feet of Railroad Creek away from the tailings piles to limit recontamination and increase ecological habitat. 
  • Sealing off mine entrances and posting safety signage.
  • Controlling water flow from mine openings by installing concrete bulkheads (specially designed walls) that collect water from underground mine workings and transport it through a piping system to the water treatment plant.  
  • Demolishing and securing the old mill building site. 
  • Building a larger, safer parking area at the Lake Chelan Boat Company, constructing a new boat ramp at Lucerne and improving an access road to Holden Village for public use.
  • Working with Holden Village to replace and upgrade buildings disturbed by the remediation activities, as well as providing in-kind support to offset impacts to operations during construction. 
  • Purchasing 2,100 acres of land in the nearby Bear Mountain Ranch and transferring it to the Chelan Douglas Land Trust to permanently conserve the habitat benefits of the land and offset the unavoidable effects of remedial construction on wetlands. 

Environmental monitoring shows that our phase 1 activities have significantly improved environmental conditions: Railroad Creek’s water quality has improved, enhancing aquatic life, and we’ve controlled soil contamination risks, with thriving revegetation that’s bringing wildlife back to the site. 

We continue to treat and monitor water on-site year-round, with an operations and maintenance who manage water treatment operations. 

On December 11, 2025, the USFS Road 8301, the only access road to the Holden Mine Site, sustained significant damage following an atmospheric river event and associated landslides that washed out the road. Our workforce, and others in the area, were evacuated. On January 30, 2026, the road was officially closed by the USFS. We’re committed to returning to work as soon as safely possible and are coordinating with the USFS to determine a way to repair of the road so we can continue operating.

Creating lasting value for communities 

The Railroad Creek Valley and surrounding areas within Chelan and Douglas Counties are home to vibrant communities and expansive wilderness.  

The Tribal Peoples comprising the Confederated Tribes and Bands of the Yakama Nation (Yakama Nation) have lived in this area since the beginning of time, from the lowlands around the Columbia River to the snow-peaked Cascade Mountains. The Yakama Nation reserved Traditional hunting and gathering rights on all National Forest System lands at the site under its 1855 treaty with the United States. The Yakama Nation has been closely involved with remediation activities and performance monitoring at the site and provides input to the US Forest Service. 

Holden Village, a popular spiritual retreat centre housed at the mine’s historic village, is a key part of the community.  Holden Village was established in the early 1960s after the former operator of the mine donated houses and other structures to the Lutheran Bible Institute in Seattle. Although Holden Village is rooted in the Lutheran religious tradition, its programs (including its popular summer camp programs) are open to people of all faith traditions.

Throughout phase 1, we worked closely with the Holden Village community to plan the work and, where we could, minimise disruption to their staff and guests. We also upgraded or replaced buildings and infrastructure used during construction, including the footbridge over Railroad Creek and a nearby trail system.  

Today, our operations team lives in company-owned housing near the water treatment plant about one mile away from Holden Village. We continue to work together with the Holden Village community, sharing resources when needed and coordinating emergency response for the Railroad Creek Valley.

The site cleanup has also delivered economic benefits to the regional community. During phase 1, the remediation work contributed nearly $240 million to the local economies of Chelan and Douglas counties. 

Wetland mitigation 

In 2021, we purchased 2,100 acres of land on the nearby Bear Mountain Ranch, which we donated to the Chelan Douglas Land Trust for permanent conservation. We purchased the land to make up for unavoidable ecological impacts to wetlands caused by construction work needed as part of the phase 1 remediation. 

The property, named Chelan Coulee Reserve, is owned by the Land Trust and managed with an emphasis on fire safety, wetland preservation, adaptation to climate change, and habitat for wildlife. It adjoins mostly US Forest Service property, presenting a unique opportunity for conservation of connected lands that will never be developed or split into multiple small ownerships.


Gently sloping grassy hills dotted with evergreen trees under a bright blue sky with scattered white clouds, with distant mountains visible in the background.
The Chelan Coulees Reserve.

Next steps 

In 2023, we proposed a design plan for phase 2 of the remediation. We anticipate the USFS Draft Proposed Plan, presenting the selection of the phase 2 remedy, will be available for public comment during mid-2026. We’ll begin phase 2 activities once we receive the necessary regulatory approvals. 

We’ll continue to meet federal and state water quality standards as we operate the mine water treatment plant. 

Holden’s history  

Holden was an underground copper mine operated by the Howe Sound Mining Company from 1938 to 1957. At the time, it was one of the US’s largest operating copper mines. 

After mining ceased, Howe Sound gave the mine and the accompanying town site to the Lutheran Bible Institute, which has operated Holden Village ever since under a special use permit from the US Forest Service. 

In the early 1990s, the EPA named Howe Sound successor Intalco (later acquired by Alcan) as the “Potentially Responsible Party” for the cleanup. For the next several years, the parties involved studied 14 different alternatives for the cleanup.

We never owned or operated the site, and inherited responsibility for the remediation when we acquired Alcan in 2007. In January 2012, the EPA and the US Forest Service issued a Record of Decision on the cleanup, allowing us to begin remediation. 


Black-and-white photograph of three people wearing hard hats with lamps, standing in a narrow underground tunnel and handling a metal cart filled with rock or ore, with rough rock walls surrounding them.
Miners working at Holden Copper Mine in the early 20th century.

Contact us

E: RTCAmericas@riotinto.com
T: +1-888-988-0832

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