Producing the materials the world needs relies on access to land, and we recognise that this comes with responsibility. The places where we operate are home to thriving ecosystems, many of which hold deep cultural and spiritual significance for Indigenous and Land-Connected Peoples.

Mining is temporary, but its footprint can be lasting. As stewards of the land during the life of our operations, we are committed to managing it responsibly — protecting biodiversity, preserving natural heritage, and planning for sustainable outcomes after mining ends. Nature loss is a global challenge that threatens ecosystems, livelihoods, and economies. We have a responsibility to manage land in a way that’s sustainable and considerate of the past, present and future values of the land, like we are doing at Gove.

Managing land

Our Environment Standards set out the minimum requirements for responsible land management across our managed assets. These standards include our position and commitment to responsible land management and environmental stewardship. Learn more about our approach to environmental commitments, governance, risk, assurance, performance and targets.

As our operations are spread across different regions and landscapes, land related risks vary from place to place. To consistently identify, assess, manage and communicate these risks, we’ve developed an air risk framework and associated control library. This risk framework is embedded in our assets’ approach to operational risk management.

Our approach covers 3 categories:

  • Land disturbance (issues relating to how and where we conduct ground disturbance) “Has disturbance been minimised, occurred as planned, and are impacts as predicted?”
  • Rehabilitation pace (issues relating to how soon we rehabilitate disturbed areas that are no longer required) “Is the quantity of rehabilitation being conducted timely and appropriate? Have areas for rehabilitation been agreed and planned?”
  • Rehabilitation quality (issues relating to the quality of rehabilitation and success in meeting defined criteria or objectives) “Is rehabilitation design and implementation achieving target objectives and / or criteria?”

We use the framework to understand land-related risk across our portfolio at a point in time. We also collect specific metrics from each asset annually on:

  • and holdings
  • new disturbance
  • development progress
  • quantity and quality of rehabilitation undertaken
  • acceptance and tracking towards completion criteria.

More detailed information can be found in the annual Sustainability Fact Book.

Every operation interacts with land differently. Some sites, such as open-cut mines creates a dynamic, changing footprint. While a smelter retains a largely fixed footprint over time. These differences shape the way we manage land and plan for rehabilitation. Mining methods also matter. For example, bauxite and mineral sands mining allow for progressive rehabilitation—restoring areas as we develop—while open-cut and underground mines often require more complex, long-term rehabilitation strategies.

Today, the largest share of our land footprint is in Australia, followed by the United States, Canada, Mongolia and South Africa. Our responsibility to minimise our impacts and protect landscapes goes beyond our operational footprint. Our standards apply not only to areas where we operate but extend to all landholdings under our care. We classify our landholdings into 2 categories:

  • operational areas (land where we have created disturbance through our activities)
  • non-operational areas (land with no direct disturbance impact).
The largest share of our land footprint is in Australia, followed by the United States, Canada, Mongolia, and South Africa. Our current footprint is around 4% of our total landholdings.
The largest share of our land footprint is in Australia, followed by the United States, Canada, Mongolia, and South Africa. Our current footprint is around 4% of our total landholdings.

In operational areas, we track progress by measuring how much land has been rehabilitated compared to how much remains disturbed. This approach ensures transparency and accountability in how we manage and restore the environments entrusted to us.

Our approach to implementing rehabilitation is collaborative. We work with practitioners, environmental scientists, and cultural heritage experts, academic institutions, Indigenous organisations and businesses, and other stakeholders to deliver outcomes that are self-sustaining and aligned with regulatory and community expectations. Methods are tailored to the local geography and climate, as well as the desired rehabilitation outcomes. In most cases, our aim is to re-establish functional and stable ecosystems that complement pre-existing conditions.

Land stewardship has many interfaces. We’re careful to align and integrate our approach with how we manage communities and social performance, closure, human rights (land access and use) and mineral and non-mineral materials management, including tailings.

Stewardship through the mining lifecycle

As temporary stewards of the land, we plan for the end of mining from the very beginning. At our more modern mines like Diavik in Canada, mine closure is integrated into planning with communities from the outset and is integrated into operational decision-making. The buildings on site have been designed to be demolished and disposed of safely, if they cannot be repurposed. We have had ongoing community engagement to discuss how Indigenous Traditional knowledge can inform and be incorporated into closure plans and activities.

Effective land management starts well before any on-ground activity. We undertake extensive programs to understand soils, plants, animals, ecosystems, and stakeholder values in the areas where we plan to operate. We work with First Nations and Land-Connected Peoples, local communities and other stakeholders to define future land use after mining ends.

This shared vision guides how we manage land and carry out rehabilitation. Once we understand what matters most in the landscape, we apply the mitigation hierarchy to reduce our impacts. For example, at Winu we’re redesigning our proposed mine footprint to avoid impacts to the endangered night parrot.

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Our performance

Sustainability reporting

To improve rehabilitation success at many of our operations, one of our first activities in a new area of development is to collect and store soils and native seeds. For example, at Gove, local Yolngu people gather native seeds on the mining lease prior to mining. These seeds are later used to restore rehabilitated areas, ensuring cultural and ecological continuity.

We integrate progressive rehabilitation into our business planning, ensuring that wherever possible, land is rehabilitated as it becomes available. Rehabilitation typically involves reshaping landforms, applying necessary cover materials and topsoil and revegetating areas by spreading seeds or planting saplings. We disclose our land stewardship performance annually in the Sustainability Fact Book, including the total area impacted by mining to date and how we are progressively rehabilitating this footprint. By reporting both annual and cumulative disturbance and rehabilitation data, we provide transparency and enable stakeholders to understand the ratio of disturbed land to that which is being rehabilitated for the next agreed land use.

View our interactive charts for current and historical data relating to our land performance.

Land stories

Frances Whittle, Land Management & Rehabilitation

Planting the future

When you're rehabilitating land, you work with the people who know it best
Borrow area, Gove

Re-planting an ecosystem without topsoil

Researching new techniques to rehabilitate land
Rio Tinto Gove mine operations

Respecting land, restoring opportunity

Partnering with communities to plan Gove’s next chapter after mine closure

Respecting rights

We seek to ensure that people’s rights to clean air are respected. Our emphasis is to eliminate or reduce emissions at the source through technology and engineering solutions, however we often also monitor air quality at identified communities or ecosystems to ensure our emissions objectives are met. Some ways we are doing this include:
Employees at Richards Bay Minerals
Scenic road

Partnership

We hold many important partnerships that are imperative to us managing land sustainably and productively. We understand the connection between land and nature, and are shifting our land management practices towards a larger catchment scale lens.


To do so means we must partner with, and learn from the stakeholders who know the landscape so that we may manage and close it responsibly.

Innovation

Land and the nature it supports across our global operations is extremely diverse, and can be complex to manage. We are passionate about finding better ways™ to manage land at our operations through innovations in science, technology and engineering.


We partner with universities and research institutions so that we may continuously evolve our land management practices and drive sustainable outcomes.

Innovation banner
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Transparency

We share our learnings with our operations globally and with our industry partners. For example, we were founding members of the proteus partnership, a unique collaboration between the UN Environment Program World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC) and extractive industries. In 2025 we renewed this partnership to extend it for another 5 years. The partnership is focused on improving internationally accepted information and data on protected areas and biodiversity, to support decision-making on conservation and help partners like us ensure that impacts are mitigated effectively. This information includes private sector contributions and is available through the World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA) and the Integrated Biodiversity Assessment Tool (IBAT).
  • Definitions

    Disturbance: Land disturbed for mining, processing and related activities that is currently in use and/or not yet rehabilitated. Generally this land will have received some sort of surface treatment (eg stabilised, ripped, covered with topsoil and seeded) and may be revegetated.

    Rehabilitation: All land that has been treated for final closure and now only requires care and maintenance. Generally, this land will have received some sort of surface treatment (eg stabilised, ripped, covered with topsoil and seeded) and may be revegetated such as planted with seedlings. In some jurisdictions the word reclamation is utilised, or remediation and reclamation. The intent is that it indicates areas that have had all processes (treatments) required (apart from maintenance and monitoring). Depending on the type of rehabilitation it can take more than 30 years after rehabilitation activities are completed to achieve the agreed outcomes.

    Landholdings: land for which we have legal rights related to ownership, use or access.